Plant compounds
Terpenes, flavonoids and the wider phytochemistry behind full-spectrum hemp extracts.
Plant compounds
Valencene: The Molecule Behind the Name
A sesquiterpene built from three isoprene units, fifteen carbons in total, formula C15H24. Here is what the chemistry fixes, and where the published record runs out.
Terpineol: Lilac, Not Pine
Hemp aroma gets talked about in pine and citrus. Terpineol sits somewhere else: a floral monoterpene alcohol whose name hides four isomers and whose boiling point is reported inconsistently.
Sabinene Explained: Formula, Family, Boiling Point
Sabinene sits in the terpene family, with the formula C10H16 and a molar mass around 136 g/mol. Here is what the chemistry fixes, and where the record for this single molecule stops.
Phytol: From Chlorophyll to a Boiling Point
A terpenoid with an alcohol group, a diterpene backbone, and a boiling point that only makes sense with its pressure condition attached. Here is what the record holds, and where it stops.
Ocimene, Described in Four Lines
A short, precise look at one aromatic molecule: its family in the terpene group, the four words used for its smell, and what the approximate 100 °C figure actually marks.
Guaiol: 15 Carbons, One Hydroxyl Group, Two Boiling Points
Guaiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol: a 15-carbon skeleton carrying a hydroxyl group. Here is its structure, its aroma profile, and why one molecule ends up with two very different boiling point figures.
Geraniol: Formula, Family, Boiling Point
Geraniol is a monoterpene alcohol with the formula C10H18O and a boiling point near 230 °C at atmospheric pressure. Here is what the chemistry pins down, and where the published record still opens out.
What Is Farnesene? Start With the Formula
Farnesene is a C15H24 hydrocarbon, and the name covers a family of isomers rather than a single compound. Here is the chemistry, the difference from farnesol, and what the plant record says.
Eucalyptol on a Lab Report: One Compound, Two Names
Eucalyptol and 1,8-cineole are the same molecule written two ways. Here are the terpene basics, the number that keeps getting quoted, and why the batch document matters more than the spelling.
Camphene: Ten Carbons, Sixteen Hydrogens
A terpene from hemp's essential oil, described by a short formula and a single temperature. Here is what the chemistry fixes, and where the research still leaves questions open.
Borneol: A Terpene, Read From Its Formula
A bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, C10H18O, boiling near 213 °C at normal pressure. Here is what the chemistry records about borneol, and where the record stops.
Bisabolol: The Terpene That Stays Quiet
Bisabolol is a minor terpene in hemp resin, familiar from chamomile oil and cosmetic labels. Here is what the cited literature records, and where the record runs out.
Liposomes: The Structure Behind The Word
A liposome is a phospholipid sac closed around water, described in print since 1965 and used as a carrier in food and pharmaceutical formulation. Here is the structure, the paper behind it, and what a batch report adds that a front label cannot.
Three Carrier Oils, and 96% of the Bottle
Most of a CBD bottle is carrier oil, not extract. Here's which of the three bases sits in which strength, where each one comes from, and what the label tells you.
CBDA to CBD: What Decarboxylation Actually Changes
One carboxyl group leaves as CO2, the hydrogen stays, and an acidic cannabinoid becomes a neutral one. Here is the reaction, the 2016 measurement behind it, and what a batch analysis can show.
Inside the Plant: How Cannabinoids Get Built
Olivetolic acid, CBGA and cannabidiolic-acid synthase: what the 1996 and 2012 papers actually established about how hemp builds its acid cannabinoids, and where that shows up on a batch report.
CO2 Extraction: What Happens Before the Bottle
Above 31.1 °C and 73.8 bar, carbon dioxide stops behaving like a gas or a liquid and starts working as an adjustable solvent. Here is what that means for the extract in the bottle.
Hemp and Cannabis: One Plant, Two Words
Botanically there is one species; the split people picture comes from breeding and from law. Here is what the 1976 taxonomy settled, what the cannabinoid count means, and which three documentation questions actually matter when comparing products.
Hemp Oil: Pressed Seed or Plant Extract?
One label, two products: an oil squeezed from seeds and a concentrate pulled from resin. Here is how each is made, what research documents about their contents, and which words on a bottle actually pin it down.
Cannabis Oil: One Name, Three Bottles
Three products share a single phrase, and they are not interchangeable. Here is what each one is made from, which chemistry shows up on a batch report, and where the legal limit applies.
Isoflavones Explained: One Flavonoid Subclass, One Ring Position
Isoflavones are defined by structure, not by plant or colour: same three-ring flavonoid skeleton, one ring bonded a single position over [1]. Here is what that means, which compounds carry the name, and why hemp sits in a different column.
Flavones Explained: Fifteen Carbons And One Empty Position
Apigenin, luteolin, the flavonols, the isoflavones and the prenylated cannflavins of cannabis, all sorted by what sits where on a single fifteen-carbon frame [1][2].
Anthocyanins: the pigments that shift with pH
Blackberry crimson, red cabbage violet, blueberry blue-black and purple in certain cannabis varieties all come back to a handful of anthocyanidin structures [1]. Here is how acidity, the plant cell and the shared flavonoid route fit together.
Flavan-3-ols: the flavanol subclass behind tea leaf and cocoa seed
Catechins, epicatechin and the fifteen-carbon flavonoid frame, read against what the middle ring is missing. Plus the reason one letter separates flavanols from flavonols, and why hemp's flavonoid list looks different [1][2].
Flavonols: the pigment group hiding in onion skin
One hydroxyl group at position 3 separates the flavonols from their neighbours. Here is what that single position changes, and why hemp's cannflavins sit on the branch next door.
Flavanones: The Citrus Side of the Flavonoids
One position in ring C decides whether a molecule counts as a flavanone or a flavone [1]. Here's what that position changes, and why citrus flavanones almost always turn up in a single mirror form.
Flavonoids: The C6-C3-C6 Family Behind Plant Colour
Two rings, one bridge, three small edits: that is the entire sorting system behind flavones, flavanones, flavonols and flavan-3-ols. Plus the four flavonoids recorded in hemp, and where the cannflavins fit.
Terpene Chart: Smells, Temperatures, Familiar Plants
Eight aroma molecules, four columns, and a set of temperatures that come with a margin. Here is what a terpene chart records, and what it deliberately leaves out.
Lavender: One Genus, One Oil, One Famous Molecule
Lavender is a genus, not a single plant, and its oil is a measurable list of molecules rather than a mood. Here is the botany, the analysis and the reason linalool keeps showing up in hemp discussions.
Terpenes, The Plant Compounds Behind Aroma
Terpenes are the volatile molecules that give plants their scent, hemp included. Here is the chemistry, the beta-caryophyllene research, and the line where our own batch reporting stops.
Hops, From Resin to Myrcene: What the Chemistry Actually Says
Hop resin and cannabis resin are built the same way, but they are not filled with the same molecules. Here is what myrcene is, where else it appears, and what a long boil drives off.
Myrcene: Mango, Hops and a Borrowed Name
Mango, hop cones, lemongrass, thyme, hemp: five plants, one recognisable monoterpene. Where myrcene occurs, how it reads on a lab report, and where the research still stops.
Terpinolene: One Terpene, Four Aroma Notes
A ten-carbon molecule light enough to travel through air, catalogued in cannabis extracts alongside myrcene and limonene. Here is the chemistry, the 2011 review that reframed the question, and the parts still open.
Caryophyllene: the terpene that met a cannabinoid receptor
A terpene from food plants, reported in 2008 as a selective CB2 agonist with no measurable CB1 binding [1]. Here is what that study measured, and where the record stops.
Humulene, The Sesquiterpene Named After Hops
Three blocks, fifteen carbons, one botanical name. Here is what the word sesquiterpene actually fixes, how the arithmetic compares with smaller terpenes, and which part of the humulene question a laboratory can answer.
Linalool: The Molecule Behind Lavender's Scent
A ten-carbon alcohol that leaves a lavender flower at room temperature and travels with steam at 100 °C. Here is the chemistry, the distillation physics, and what Russo's 2011 review actually asked for [1].
Limonene: the terpene pressed from citrus peel
A clear pressed liquid from orange and lemon rind, with a well described chemistry: solubility, boiling point, and an industrial route that starts in juice-plant residue. Plus what a 2011 cannabis review actually proposed, and what it did not show.
Pinene: one molecule, two isomers, a resinous aroma
Two isomers, one bicyclic cage, and the descriptors that travel with them. What Russo's 2011 review notes about pinene next to cannabinoids, and where the evidence stops.
Four Ways To Get CBD Out Of Hemp
Solventless, olive oil, solvent-based and supercritical CO2: four routes out of the plant, one of which needs a pressurised industrial system. Here is how they separate, and which one sits behind every Cibdol extract.
What Is Nerolidol? A Terpene, Read Closely
Nerolidol is used at industrial scale for one reason, scent, while its research file consists of preclinical animal studies. Here is what each cited paper measured, and where the record stops.
